I am getting suspicious of "random number generator not actually returning random numbers" bugs....
They are the perfect bug for someone trying to "accidentally" make a secure system insecure.
I wonder if bribe money was involved or three letter agencies...
dist-epoch 2 hours ago [-]
And they waited 5 years to exploit it?
And do you think the NSA desperately needed $90 mil (the amount stolen so far), so they created this elaborate backdoor? Or were they waiting until Satoshi or Binance decided to deposit a billion dollars into this wallet?
All the employees which touched the code will be on watch lists now anyway. And sudden new house or yacht will be immediately flagged.
londons_explore 1 hours ago [-]
Need not be the NSA. Might just be some regular thief.
The longer they wait, the more they get to steal after all.
josephg 46 minutes ago [-]
> And do you think the NSA desperately needed $90 mil (the amount stolen so far)
If this was done as part of an operation, we would have no idea what it was actually used for. It’s very unlikely that the crypto wallet thefts we know about were the intended target.
anonymousiam 7 hours ago [-]
This post assumed that the author of the "runs" commit was not acting maliciously. Has that been established? It's not mentioned in this article.
silvestrov 2 hours ago [-]
When looking through all the other commits the user has made: they all lack a good commit message.
This is systematic for that user. Either the user needs to improve or let go.
The organization needs to learn that good commit messages are a requirement for anything to do with crypto and payment systems.
karamanolev 4 hours ago [-]
Per the article, not my opinion.
It has been established that "I didn't do it on purpose" is not enough in some cases. You have to _not do it_ _on purpose_. That "fake it till you make it", in this case, understanding what your code does, is perfectly fine in some contexts, not in others, like this one.
Sharlin 7 hours ago [-]
Hanlon’s razor.
eru 7 hours ago [-]
Also: writing this stuff in C just begs for bugs.
LLM agents are cheap and good enough that you can write in eg Lean or whatever. Or at least write it in Rust.
jgilias 6 hours ago [-]
The bug has been up since before the LLM shift.
thin_carapace 6 hours ago [-]
I get the feeling that the bugs found in this instance can be more directly attributed to the author having zero experience operating a microcontroller
nonfamous 3 hours ago [-]
From the Twitter advisory on the issue being referenced here [1]:
>>> To every other developer: we believe this is a sober reality of the new AI paradigm. AI-assisted code review can now find latent bugs at a speed that is outpacing even the industry’s most seasoned experts. If your firmware is open-source or has ever been public, assume it's already being read by attackers and defenders alike.
Kinda turns the “many eyes” principle of OSS on its head, eh?
If the industry most seasoned experts are not using LLMs right now to front-run the discovery of vulnerabilities in the code they are responsible for, they are not experts, but clowns.
nullc 5 hours ago [-]
This writeup isn't very good and misses/misunderstands the programming error that leads to the flaw.
I'm commenting because I think it's important to understand the issue.
The article would have you think that the change in question was a tiny change to a flag to make it compile, but in reality the commit in question is a 1533 line addition of the entire RNG infrastructure.
The fundamental cause is a mixup between a value test and a definedness test.
Coldcard attempted to replace the micropython wrapper on the hardware TRNG, apparently in order to provide a more aggressive handling of fault/error conditions.
The micropython hwrng code is gated by an #if check, the replacement HWRNG code is gated by an ifndef. So "#define MICROPY_HW_ENABLE_RNG (0)" deactivated the micropython implementation but failed to activate the internal one (which was #ifndef MICROPY_HW_ENABLE_RNG ... which didn't fire because MICROPY_HW_ENABLE_RNG was _defined_).
This was easier to miss because the usages weren't only in different files-- they were in different repositories.
There is a more abstract point to make that in cryptographic software the absence of a secure randomness source (the STM32 TRNG) should never fall back to an insecure source (a trivial PRNG which might have only had on the order of 20-bits of uncertainty in its input). But the code that had the fallback was micropython which was not authored by the coldcard creators and is presumably not intended for cryptographic applications...
In later code (for MK4+ devices) the issue was further masked without being corrected by xor-ing in another insecure PRNG seeded by 32-bits from another TRNG. ... itself acting like an additional insecure fallback. (Why it first hashes 64-bits of TRNG output then throws away half the entropy is a mystery...)
RNG failures can be difficult to detect because the real randomness and a PRNG are indistinguishable by any simple tests of the output. I understand the coldcard developers ran extensive tests on the randomness generated by these devices-- they may well have been just testing the PRNG. It's something of a "color of your bits" issue ( https://ansuz.sooke.bc.ca/entry/23 ).
The same sort of issue happens at multiple levels of the stack, e.g. IIRC the STM32 TRNG itself does some kind of whitening that could have the same effect of concealing an RNG failure.
The existence of insecure fake randomness in the code at all was a red flag that had been noted previously -- though the really bad one was hidden away in the micropython code and not even obviously at play. I think this is a rare case of a bug that would be more easily found from binary analysis than review of the source code (e.g. no access to the STM32 TRNG at all).
Without these fallbacks the failure to use the TRNG would have been immediately detected by the developers (e.g. when every attempt generated the same seed), and a review could be validated by fault injection (NOP out the hwrng and verify that the test fails).
egwor 18 minutes ago [-]
Although I might disagree with the style of the write up, I think it is right that there are weak engineering practices applied:
- not enough information provided in commit message.
- this change ought to have been split into smaller chunks (e.g. introduce indirection whilst code continues to use hardware)
- limited (automated) testing
- potential confusion by the author over C concepts
- additional complexity which could have been hidden behind a cleaner interface rather than using defines
I agree about your points about:
- defines over multiple repo's made this more complicated that was necessary.
- fault injections would have been the appropriate way to test this (or maybe mocks)
- testing of randomness needs careful design, e.g. RNG seeding can be a good way
Taking a step back, we as a community of excellence need to emphasise that this isn't a criticism about the person/author. There needs to be a clear analysis of what went wrong whilst being kind to the person/people involved.
smithcoin 3 hours ago [-]
Have you found a write up you’d recommend on how the threat actors actually exploited the vulnerabilities?
dist-epoch 1 hours ago [-]
I wonder if some sort of "taint" analysis could be used - you generate a byte of randomness and trace it back through code until you see all the sources of entropy which were used as input.
Hard problem in general, but with LLMs surely this is possible now, either with them inspecting or by them providing some sort of "formal" proof - this function calls this function which reads this buffer which gets input from here...
nullc 4 hours ago [-]
Aside, I'm somewhat surprised that MISRA (as of 2012 at least) doesn't have a directive related to definedness vs value errors.
RustyRussell 3 hours ago [-]
Always use -Wundef. For CCAN all config vars use #if and we lint for ifdefs of them, because you have to pick a side here, and sometimes using HAVE_X in C code is useful, so I prefer always-defined.
hypeatei 42 minutes ago [-]
> You, as a developer working on Bitcoin, need to take your time to understand your changes, document them clearly, and verify they do what you think.
Or, you could realize that using a financial technology which relies on no software bugs ever is probably flawed at its core. "Not your keys, not your coins" was (is?) the zeitgeist but even people who did the "right thing" and used a cold wallet still got screwed. I don't know why anyone would keep their wealth in something that requires so much technical excellence.
dmitrygr 4 hours ago [-]
>Micropython creates the illusion embedded developers do not need to understand C, their CPU, or other advanced concepts to do embedded programming.
Amen.
PunchyHamster 2 hours ago [-]
> The commit message is 235 characters, and the commit changes 15 lines of code. That’s a ratio of 235/15 = ~16.
the commit message is not 235 character long, the commit message is this
> splice-script: Test for msat chan balances
> splice-script: Round channel balances down
author mistakes commit message for PR which doesn't get persisted into code's history and don't even contain the ID of bug being fixed.
So yeah it is better but nothing to actually brag about
systemsweird 5 hours ago [-]
Very good writeup and an astonishing level of negligence for an extremely security critical piece of code. The losses are going to surpass 100 million, these guys should be thrown in jail.
jonathanlydall 4 hours ago [-]
This does not seem to be a good write up at all, see nullc’s explanation in this discussion of (what seems to me) the actual root cause whereas this article spent a lot of words making the argument that bad commit messages must mean bad code, later using the assertion to try “prove” what the technical problem was.
I agree that a bad commit message combined with a big commit is a huge smell, but as it’s just metadata for the code and not the code itself, it is not in itself evidence in any form.
That being said, probably okay after explaining the technical code issues for the author add a couple of a sentences about how all this was was part of 1000s of a lines of code changed in commits with useless messages which demonstrates generally bad code hygiene.
smithcoin 3 hours ago [-]
I think what is the author is getting at is that if you are cavalier in your commit messages when the stakes are low, chances are you aren’t taking writing code that handles money seriously. Made me think of some merges I could have taken more seriously.
fenestella 6 hours ago [-]
[flagged]
Rendered at 11:47:58 GMT+0000 (Coordinated Universal Time) with Vercel.
They are the perfect bug for someone trying to "accidentally" make a secure system insecure.
I wonder if bribe money was involved or three letter agencies...
And do you think the NSA desperately needed $90 mil (the amount stolen so far), so they created this elaborate backdoor? Or were they waiting until Satoshi or Binance decided to deposit a billion dollars into this wallet?
All the employees which touched the code will be on watch lists now anyway. And sudden new house or yacht will be immediately flagged.
The longer they wait, the more they get to steal after all.
If this was done as part of an operation, we would have no idea what it was actually used for. It’s very unlikely that the crypto wallet thefts we know about were the intended target.
This is systematic for that user. Either the user needs to improve or let go.
The organization needs to learn that good commit messages are a requirement for anything to do with crypto and payment systems.
It has been established that "I didn't do it on purpose" is not enough in some cases. You have to _not do it_ _on purpose_. That "fake it till you make it", in this case, understanding what your code does, is perfectly fine in some contexts, not in others, like this one.
LLM agents are cheap and good enough that you can write in eg Lean or whatever. Or at least write it in Rust.
>>> To every other developer: we believe this is a sober reality of the new AI paradigm. AI-assisted code review can now find latent bugs at a speed that is outpacing even the industry’s most seasoned experts. If your firmware is open-source or has ever been public, assume it's already being read by attackers and defenders alike.
Kinda turns the “many eyes” principle of OSS on its head, eh?
[1] https://x.com/nvk/status/2083216713693151552?s=61
I'm commenting because I think it's important to understand the issue.
The article would have you think that the change in question was a tiny change to a flag to make it compile, but in reality the commit in question is a 1533 line addition of the entire RNG infrastructure.
The fundamental cause is a mixup between a value test and a definedness test.
Coldcard attempted to replace the micropython wrapper on the hardware TRNG, apparently in order to provide a more aggressive handling of fault/error conditions.
The micropython hwrng code is gated by an #if check, the replacement HWRNG code is gated by an ifndef. So "#define MICROPY_HW_ENABLE_RNG (0)" deactivated the micropython implementation but failed to activate the internal one (which was #ifndef MICROPY_HW_ENABLE_RNG ... which didn't fire because MICROPY_HW_ENABLE_RNG was _defined_).
This was easier to miss because the usages weren't only in different files-- they were in different repositories.
There is a more abstract point to make that in cryptographic software the absence of a secure randomness source (the STM32 TRNG) should never fall back to an insecure source (a trivial PRNG which might have only had on the order of 20-bits of uncertainty in its input). But the code that had the fallback was micropython which was not authored by the coldcard creators and is presumably not intended for cryptographic applications...
In later code (for MK4+ devices) the issue was further masked without being corrected by xor-ing in another insecure PRNG seeded by 32-bits from another TRNG. ... itself acting like an additional insecure fallback. (Why it first hashes 64-bits of TRNG output then throws away half the entropy is a mystery...)
RNG failures can be difficult to detect because the real randomness and a PRNG are indistinguishable by any simple tests of the output. I understand the coldcard developers ran extensive tests on the randomness generated by these devices-- they may well have been just testing the PRNG. It's something of a "color of your bits" issue ( https://ansuz.sooke.bc.ca/entry/23 ).
The same sort of issue happens at multiple levels of the stack, e.g. IIRC the STM32 TRNG itself does some kind of whitening that could have the same effect of concealing an RNG failure.
The existence of insecure fake randomness in the code at all was a red flag that had been noted previously -- though the really bad one was hidden away in the micropython code and not even obviously at play. I think this is a rare case of a bug that would be more easily found from binary analysis than review of the source code (e.g. no access to the STM32 TRNG at all).
Without these fallbacks the failure to use the TRNG would have been immediately detected by the developers (e.g. when every attempt generated the same seed), and a review could be validated by fault injection (NOP out the hwrng and verify that the test fails).
- not enough information provided in commit message. - this change ought to have been split into smaller chunks (e.g. introduce indirection whilst code continues to use hardware) - limited (automated) testing - potential confusion by the author over C concepts - additional complexity which could have been hidden behind a cleaner interface rather than using defines
I agree about your points about:
- defines over multiple repo's made this more complicated that was necessary. - fault injections would have been the appropriate way to test this (or maybe mocks) - testing of randomness needs careful design, e.g. RNG seeding can be a good way
Taking a step back, we as a community of excellence need to emphasise that this isn't a criticism about the person/author. There needs to be a clear analysis of what went wrong whilst being kind to the person/people involved.
Hard problem in general, but with LLMs surely this is possible now, either with them inspecting or by them providing some sort of "formal" proof - this function calls this function which reads this buffer which gets input from here...
Or, you could realize that using a financial technology which relies on no software bugs ever is probably flawed at its core. "Not your keys, not your coins" was (is?) the zeitgeist but even people who did the "right thing" and used a cold wallet still got screwed. I don't know why anyone would keep their wealth in something that requires so much technical excellence.
the commit message is not 235 character long, the commit message is this
> splice-script: Test for msat chan balances > splice-script: Round channel balances down
author mistakes commit message for PR which doesn't get persisted into code's history and don't even contain the ID of bug being fixed.
So yeah it is better but nothing to actually brag about
I agree that a bad commit message combined with a big commit is a huge smell, but as it’s just metadata for the code and not the code itself, it is not in itself evidence in any form.
That being said, probably okay after explaining the technical code issues for the author add a couple of a sentences about how all this was was part of 1000s of a lines of code changed in commits with useless messages which demonstrates generally bad code hygiene.